Which ethical theory states that the right act is the one that produces the greatest good for the greatest number?

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Utilitarianism is the ethical theory at play here. It judges actions by their consequences, aiming to maximize overall happiness or welfare. The right action is the one that produces the greatest good for the greatest number, even if that means some individuals fare worse. This focus on outcomes differentiates it from other approaches: deontology emphasizes adherence to duties and rules; virtue ethics centers on developing good character; and rights-based ethics prioritizes protecting individual rights. In practical terms, utilitarian reasoning weighs benefits and harms for all affected and seeks the option that yields the most total benefit, though this can raise difficult questions about fairness and minority rights.